Is a sacrificial offering required of one who passed through Makkah without entering into a state of ihram, then entered into ihram from Jeddah to perform Umrah?

Since you did not perform what was obligatory upon you, namely, entering into a state of ihram from the miqat when passing by it, a compensatory sacrifice (dam) is incumbent upon you for abandoning an obligation of 'Umrah, which is entering into ihram from the miqat. It is obligatory for you, once you have finished your work in Jeddah, to return to the miqat you passed by earlier and enter into ihram from there.