Were the jurisprudential rulings (recommended, disliked, permissible, impermissible, emphasized Sunnah, neutral/Mubah) present as terms or concepts during the era of Abu Bakr and Umar, such that they determined reward and punishment based upon them?

The terminology of the five Shariah rulings (Wajib - obligatory, Mandub - recommended, Muharram - forbidden, Makruh - disliked, Mubah - permissible) is based on the induction of legal texts. These terms, by their specific names, did not exist during the era of the Companions, but they understood their implications from the texts. Thus, they understood permissibility from His (Allah's) saying: "Lawful to you is the pursuit of the sea," and prohibition from "and forbidden to you is the pursuit of the land." And from "And do not kill yourselves" [they understood] the prohibition of killing oneself. And from the Prophet's (peace be upon him) saying: "Woe to the heels... from the Fire" [they understood] the obligation of washing the entire foot. And from "Pray before Maghrib... for whoever wishes" [they understood] recommendation.