What are examples of the obligatory (fard), the recommended (mustahabb), the permissible (mubah), the disliked (makruh), and the forbidden (haram)?

The five categories of Sharia rulings are:

Wajib (Obligatory): What the Lawgiver has commanded in an binding manner. Its performer is rewarded, and its ترك is punished. Mandub (Recommended/Desirable): What the Lawgiver has commanded in a non-binding manner. Its performer is rewarded, and its ترك is not punished. Muharram (Forbidden): What the Lawgiver has prohibited in an binding manner, requiring its ترك. Its ترك is rewarded, and its performer is punished. Makruh (Disliked): What the Lawgiver has prohibited in a non-binding manner, requiring its ترك. Its ترك is rewarded, and its performer is not punished. Mubah (Permissible/Halal): What is not subject to a command or a prohibition in itself. Its ruling may change depending on what it is associated with.