What is the ruling on health insurance—be it commercial or cooperative—in cases of necessity due to the high cost of medical examinations, given the possibility of withdrawing from it at any time? And is it permissible to continue with it?

It is not permissible to participate in commercial insurance if it is optional, due to the presence of gharar (excessive uncertainty/risk) and gambling therein. The participant must withdraw from it as soon as possible, though it is permissible for him to benefit from it to the extent of the premiums he has paid. However, it is permissible to participate in it out of necessity or dire need that cannot be fulfilled except through it. The European Council for Fatwa and Research has permitted health insurance for Muslims in Europe due to the high healthcare costs.