What is the ruling on the prayer and fasting of the days during which a woman experienced spotting (kudrah) and yellowish discharge (ṣufrah), knowing that the bleeding did not stop between these and the gush (ṭafrah), and the prayers were not made up?

Yellowish or brownish discharge is considered menstruation if a woman sees it during her regular period, or if it is connected to blood, as long as the total duration of the blood and its connected discharge does not exceed fifteen days. However, if the bleeding stops and she then sees yellowish or brownish discharge outside her usual period, it is not considered menstruation.

Therefore, any yellowish or brownish discharge you saw connected to blood is considered menstruation, requiring ghusl (ritual bath) and making up any missed fasts, but not missed prayers. If you saw these discharges after the blood stopped and after your usual period ended, you are not required to make up the prayers missed at that time, in accordance with the view of the majority of scholars.