What are the jurisprudential views regarding the celebration of the Prophet's birthday (Mawlid al-Nabawi al-Sharif) among the Salaf and the Khalaf, and within the Sunni and Shia madhhabs, including the differences among jurists in each madhhab, along with the preferred view?

The innovated nature of celebrating the Mawlid (Prophet's birthday) has been previously explained in Fatwa no. 76515, and there is no need to mention the various schools of thought. Even if some later scholars consider it permissible if it is free from prohibitions, the truth is more deserving of being followed. To delve into the details of the issue and to respond to those who disagree, one may refer to the websites Sayd al-Fawa'id and Mishkat Network, and the treatise "Al-Insaf fima qeela fil-Mawlid min al-Ghulu wal-Ijhaf" (Equity Regarding What Has Been Said About the Mawlid in Terms of Exaggeration and Injustice) by Sheikh Abu Bakar al-Jazairi. One may also refer to Fatwa no. 175019 for the remainder of what was asked in the question.