Is it permissible, from a Sharia perspective, to simulate the workings of the human mind and create machines that think and learn, or is thinking a divine faculty unique to humans that cannot be simulated?

This issue is a matter of terminology. Artificial intelligence does not contradict God's獨特 creation, nor does it rival the attributes of the Creator. It does not elevate a machine beyond being a machine, nor does it grant it the characteristics of living beings. There is no harm in scientific research in this field, for the machine does not depart from its true nature, nor does man overstep his bounds.