Are the brown and yellow discharges that continue after the menstrual period for five days or a week considered menstruation or istihadah (non-menstrual vaginal bleeding), and is it permissible to perform ghusl and prayer while they are present?

There is no need for obsessive doubts (waswasah). If the slight bleeding and brownish discharge after the end of the menses are due to cysts and not menstrual blood, then it is istihadah (non-menstrual bleeding). This requires performing ablution (wudu') for each prayer after its time enters, along with taking precautions. Yellowish and brownish discharges during the time of menstruation are considered menstruation. However, after menstruation, they are not considered menstruation unless they are connected to blood. Any yellowish or brownish discharge seen after purification and the end of the menstrual period is not considered menstruation, and the woman experiencing istihadah should do what is required of her. If the bleeding stops during the customary period, and then yellowish or brownish discharge appears within the same period, it is considered menstruation according to the Hanbalis, and a new ghusl (ritual bath) must be performed after the customary period ends. It is permissible to adopt the view of those who do not consider yellowish or brownish discharge as menstruation after seeing purity.