Is reciting the supplication: "O Allah, to You be all praise until You are pleased, and to You be all praise when You are pleased, and to You be all praise after [You are] pleased, and to You be all praise in every circumstance. O Allah, perpetuate this blessing, increase it, and protect it from perishing," before eating, permissible or an innovation?

There is no authentic supplication (du'a) before eating in the Sunnah. What is prescribed is to say "Bismillah" (in the name of Allah) before eating and to praise Allah (Alhamdulillah) after it. The mentioned supplication: "O Allah, bless us in what You have provided us, and protect us from the punishment of the Fire, Bismillah" is weak. Likewise, what was narrated from Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) is also weak. Adhering to a specific supplication before food is considered an innovation (bid'ah), because acts of worship are based on divine injunctions.