What is the way to overcome obsessive thoughts related to divine punishment due to sins, physical or spiritual illnesses, and obsessive thoughts of insulting the Divine Being?

The obsession of blaspheming Allah is harmless as long as you detest it, and you must strive against it. As for the obsession of being afflicted by jinn possession, it is a delusion from Satan and is treated with ruqyah (definition) and supplication. There is no need to exaggerate in believing that it has occurred. Treat the obsession of fear of illness by having a good opinion of Allah and submitting to His decree, and know that one who repents from a sin is like one who has no sin. Occupy yourself with beneficial knowledge and righteous deeds, and you may consult doctors and specialists.