Is it permissible to fast with the intention of making up for missed days (qaḍāʾ) if the intention is made after Fajr time has begun? And is it permissible to combine the intention of making up for missed Ramadan days with fasting six days of Shawwal or with voluntary fasting, such as on Mondays and Thursdays?

For an obligatory fast, such as making up for Ramadan (definition), it is a condition to form the intention from the night before. Whoever does not form the intention in this manner, this fast will not be sufficient as a make-up fast. It is not permissible to combine the intention of making up for Ramadan with the six days of Shawwal. However, combining the intention of fasting the White Days or Mondays and Thursdays with the six days of Shawwal is permissible.