When is a person considered to have associated a partner with Allah or taken their desires as a god when disobeying Him, especially if the disobedience is for the sake of another person, and what is the ruling on preferring disobedience over obedience?

A person makes a rival to Allah if he associates others with Him by directing any act of worship to other than Allah the Almighty. This is the polytheism (shirk) that Allah does not forgive. Mere disobedience and following one's whims are not shirk with Allah unless they lead to directing worship to other than Allah. So, whoever follows his whims or obeys a creature in shirk becomes a polytheist. However, merely following one's whims in disobedience or obeying others in it is not shirk. If preferring disobedience over obedience is due to prioritizing immediate pleasure, then it is a sin that necessitates repentance. This is often caused by ignorance of the consequences of sins or being deluded by Allah's forgiveness. The Salaf said: "Everyone who disobeys Allah is ignorant." However, if preferring disobedience is based on the belief that it is permissible and better than its opposite, then the doer is in grave danger and may exit the fold of Islam if the sin is forbidden and known by necessity to be part of the religion.