Does the supplication (O Hearer of sound, O Preceder of what is to come, O Dresser of bones...) contain any phrases or meanings that contradict Islamic teachings?"

The meaning of the aforementioned supplication is correct, so there is no harm in supplicating with it, due to the general saying of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him: "Let each of you choose whatever supplication he finds most pleasing to him and supplicate Allah, the Almighty and Majestic." However, it is better to abandon it for two reasons: First, it contains an artificial rhyme that violates grammatical rules. Second, its wording is not authentically transmitted, and it is preferable to limit oneself to the supplications found in the Qur'an and Sunnah (definition), because the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, preferred comprehensive supplications.