Is the transaction that took place with the bank to purchase a phone in installments, whereby the bank bought the phone and then sold it to me with added fees and profits, Haram (religiously forbidden) according to Sharia?

If the bank first purchases the phone and then sells it to the customer at the agreed-upon price, then the transaction is valid and falls under the category of Murabaha to the one who commands the purchase. As for what was deducted, there is no objection to it as long as the customer is content with it, and it is considered part of the phone's price.