What is the ruling on one who masturbated while in doubt about the start of the fasting time, due to not hearing the Adhan?

Masturbation is forbidden and invalidates the fast if it leads to ejaculation. If someone masturbates while doubting the onset of dawn, and its onset is not clear to them, their fast is not invalidated, because the original state is the continuation of night, and they are allowed to eat until they are certain of the onset of dawn. This differs from Malik, who believes that a make-up fast is obligatory in this case. However, if it becomes clear to them that dawn has indeed broken, then a make-up fast is obligatory according to the majority of scholars.