What is the truth regarding Allah's preference for men over women in this world and the Hereafter, and is a woman deprived of divine favor after the era of prophethood?

It is not correct to state unequivocally that Allah has favored men in all aspects. The favoritism is only in terms of Qawamah (guardianship/maintenance). As for reward and entry into Paradise, many women are better than men. Women are charged with religious duties just like men, and the evidence for this is the noble verse: "Indeed, Muslim men and Muslim women, believing men and believing women" (Al-Ahzab: 35). If a woman is more God-fearing, her reward will be greater. Allah Almighty said: "Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you" (Al-Hujurat: 13). Authentic hadiths have been narrated showing the virtue of certain women, such as the believing wife who helps her husband in matters of his religion and afterlife, the woman who performs night prayers and wakes her husband, the woman who dies in childbirth as she is considered a martyr, and also the one who excels in raising orphans. Attaining Allah's favor is achieved through faith, righteous deeds, and sincerity in them. Allah Almighty said: "Whoever does righteousness, whether male or female, while he is a believer - We will surely cause him to live a good life, and We will surely give them their reward [in the Hereafter] according to the best of what they used to do" (An-Nahl: 97).