Is it true that Adam, peace be upon him, was provided with fruits from Paradise when he descended to Earth?

The correct view is that the hadith is mawquf (stopped at a Companion) on Abu Musa al-Ash'ari. And the fact that the fruits of this world are from the fruits of Paradise does not mean they are similar in shape and taste. Rather, it is an affirmation of their reality and original meaning, for there is nothing in Paradise that resembles this world except in names.