What are the acts of disbelief (kufr) that nullify faith and harm religion, what are their consequences, and are good deeds lost after repentance?

Apostasy (Kufr) is of several types: some are through words or actions, and some are major apostasy (Kufr Akbar) that expels one from the fold of Islam, or minor apostasy (Kufr Asghar) that does not. The major apostasy that expels one from the fold of Islam is of five types: Kufr of denial (takdhīb), Kufr of arrogance and refusal (istikbār and ibā’), Kufr of turning away (i‘rāḍ), Kufr of doubt (shakk), and Kufr of hypocrisy (nifāq). Examples include throwing a copy of the Qur’an into filth or claiming the world is eternal. As for minor apostasy, examples include swearing by other than Allah and fighting a Muslim. Major apostasy that expels one from the fold of Islam invalidates previous good deeds according to many scholars, based on the words of Allah Almighty: "And whoever disbelieves in faith—then [surely] his work has become worthless, and in the Hereafter he will be among the losers" (Quran 5:5). Others have held that the invalidation of deeds only occurs upon dying in a state of disbelief.