How were the Islamic state and its governance organized in the early period?

The Muslim ruler must appoint qualified individuals to positions and form a consultative council (Majlis Shura) composed of scholars and specialists, without making it subject to public opinion or personal choices. For positions of authority are a trust that the ruler fulfills by selecting competent and trustworthy individuals. The known elections are not part of the Islamic system and are prone to chaos and favoritism.

There are three ways to assume leadership (Imamah): 1. Selection and election by the people of authority and influence (Ahl al-Hall wa'l-Aqd), as was the case with the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Uthman, and Ali. 2. Designation by the previous caliph, as was the case with the caliphate of Umar. 3. Through power and conquest: If a caliph seizes power by force, obedience to him becomes obligatory. This is due to the benefits that come from having a ruler and to avoid discord (fitan).