What is the ruling on prayer, fasting, and reading the Qur’an for a woman who experiences irregular bleeding of varying colors, and is she required to perform ablution for every prayer?

Issues concerning irregular menstruation vary depending on the situation. If the bleeding stops before fifteen days have passed, it is considered menstruation. However, if the bleeding continues constantly or for more than fifteen days, it is not all menstruation. Instead, one should differentiate between strong menstrual blood (dark, thick, and with an unpleasant odor) and weak istihadah (definition) (non-menstrual) blood, provided that the menstrual period does not exceed fifteen days and is not less than a day and a night. If there is no distinguishing characteristic or regular habit, then menstruation is six or seven days according to the women among your relatives, after which you should perform ghusl (definition), pray, and fast.