ما هي أسس فلسفة ابن الراوندي؟

Ibn al-Rawandi was one of the philosophers accused of atheism. Ibn al-Jawzi, Ibn Taymiyyah, and al-Dhahabi considered him a heretic (Zindiq), and al-Ghazali mentioned his atheism. He agreed with the Dahriyya in their belief in the eternity of the world and authored the book "Al-Taj fi Qidam al-Alam" (The Crown on the Eternity of the World). He held that disbelief (kufr) is denial and rejection, and that prostrating to the sun is not disbelief in itself, but rather a sign of disbelief. His doctrine regarding faith (iman) is that of the Murji'ah, who believe that faith is merely an affirmation by the heart and tongue. Slanders against Musa (peace be upon him) were attributed to him, as was his saying that singing is obligatory. He has a dark biography in "Siyar A'lam al-Nubala" (Biographies of Noble Figures).